Backpack Drones: Tactical Integration Based on the Ukrainian Example
In February 2022, Ukrainian forces deployed a commercially available DJI Mavic drone over Irpin. Initially referred to as a recreational “wedding drone,” this system quickly became a standard reconnaissance asset in trench warfare operations.
Observation-to-Impact Acceleration
Using the Kropyva application, real-time visual feeds are integrated into digital fire coordination systems. This reduces the time between target detection and engagement to under one minute. Counter-battery responses can be initiated within 30 seconds. The reduced cycle time explains the operational preference for low-cost multirotor drones over manned reconnaissance platforms.
Thermal Imaging for 24/7 Surveillance
Thermal sensors provide constant situational awareness. These systems detect heat signatures, identify concealed personnel, and support both offensive and defensive positioning. As a result, Ukrainian training centers now include dedicated thermal surveillance instruction in UAV curricula.
Low-Cost Precision Strike
Commercial racing drone frames are repurposed for First-Person-View (FPV) strike missions. These platforms are equipped with an explosive payload, camera, and control headset, and are capable of neutralizing armored or artillery targets at close range. Production costs range from several hundred to a few thousand USD. Additionally, loitering munitions with fixed wings operate at higher altitudes, engaging high-value targets such as radar systems or command infrastructure.
Operational Constraints for Opposing Forces
Persistent drone activity requires enemy units to adopt continuous camouflage and dispersion tactics. Concentrated equipment movements are quickly identified and targeted. This disrupts operational tempo and imposes additional logistical burdens.
Cost-Effectiveness and Scalability
An FPV drone costing approximately $1,000 can deliver comparable operational effects to a Javelin missile priced over $100,000, without exposing the operator to direct risk. This cost-performance asymmetry aligns with Ukraine’s strategic emphasis on scalable production. According to the Ministry of Strategic Industries, up to 3 million drones per year can be manufactured.
Institutional Integration
In 2024, Ukraine established the Uncrewed System Forces, the first military branch solely dedicated to uncrewed aerial and ground systems. This reorganization reduced approval cycles for new equipment from over two years to six weeks. Concurrently, training institutions such as Victory Drones and Dronarium have certified thousands of operators in UAV deployment, thermal observation, and night operations.
Recommendations for Operational Environments
• Utilize Commercial-Off-the-Shelf (COTS) Equipment
Immediate availability and cost efficiency outweigh delayed acquisition of specialized military systems.
• Prioritize Human-System Training
The effectiveness of the platform is dependent on the skill of its operator.
• Shorten Innovation Timelines
Deployment of viable concepts must occur within operationally relevant timeframes.
• Evaluate by Cost-Per-Effect
Tactical tools should be assessed based on operational impact per monetary unit, not individual price.
Conclusion
Drones deployed from backpacks now function as an organic extension of ground forces, offering reconnaissance, precision engagement, and 24-hour observation capabilities. Integration of commercial drones, supported by structured training and responsive logistics, constitutes a scalable and effective component of contemporary tactical operations.
